US Large Cap: 2.5% withdrawal simulation

Last Update: 30 November 2024

You decided on a 2.5% withdrawal strategy and invested in the US Large Cap asset class: how likely, so far, your investment would have been enough for your retirement?.

In this post, we will simulate different retirement timeframes and check the sustainability of the withdrawal rate, using actual historical series.

Key Points

You invested in the US Large Cap asset class.

With a 2.5% withdrawal strategy, you would have lived on your investiment for 30 years in the 100% of cases, and for 50 years in the 100% of cases.

Worst case scenario so far, over a 30-year time horizon, you could have withdrawn 2.868% of your initial capital each year, kept withdrawing all the time (adjusting for inflation), and you wouldn't have run out of money before 30 years.

Success Rate of a 2.5% Withdrawal Strategy

Let's calculate the success rate of a 2.5% Withdrawal Strategy, on the US Large Cap asset class. Would you have also saved a portion of your invested capital, at the end of your retirement?

As usual, the withdrawal is expressed as a yearly rate and refers to the initial capital. After that, the withdrawal amount is monthly adjusted for inflation.

Methodology and Definitions
The algorithm calculates the chance of success of a initial withdrawal rate, whose amount in dollars is adjusted monthly for inflation. The algorithm tries a retirement simulation, starting at every possible month in the given period.
For instance, assuming a 20 years retirement, the algorithm will cover each 20 year timeframe starting at every possible month in the given period between the start and end month.

Here's how simulations work (each simulation is based on actual asset class returns, in US dollars):
  • At the beginning, you start with a certain amount of money invested in the portfolio (i.e. the initial invested capital).
  • Each month, money is withdrawn from the portfolio. The withdrawal rate is calculated based on the initial withdrawn, annualized.
  • Each month, portfolio value is updated, based on the asset classes returns (dividends are supposed to be reinvested).
  • Each month, portfolio is rebalanced, to reset to the original weight of the assets (applicable only if portfolio contains at least 2 assets).
  • Each month, the withdrawal is adjusted for inflation (US Inflation is used for simulation).
The Withdrawal Rates calculated here are annualized and refer to the initial capital (not the current!). The first month withdrawal is 1/12 of that annualized withdrawal and it's adjusted for inflation for each subsequent month.

The Perpetual Withdrawal Rate (PWR) is the percentage of the initial portfolio balance that can be withdrawn at the beginning of each month with inflation adjustment, preserving the original invested capital, adjusted for inflation too.

The Safe Withdrawal Rate (SWR) is the percentage of the initial portfolio balance that can be withdrawn at the beginning of each month with inflation adjustment, without the portfolio running out of money.

Learn more about Withdrawal Rate simulation
Data Sources and Credits

We are calculating the success rate over all the past N-year timeframes, on actual historical data, also focusing on how much capital (inflation adjusted) will remain after the retirement.

Period: Jan 1871 - Nov 2024
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2.5%
Withdrawal Rate
% Success
10 Years 20 Years 30 Years 40 Years 50 Years 60 Years 70 Years 80 Years
Success Rate (%)
At least 0% Preserved Capital
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Fail Rate(%)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Preserved Capital (infl. adj.) % Success, on % Preserved Capital
At least 25%
100.00
99.94
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 50%
97.16
99.38
100.00
100.00
99.92
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 75%
87.04
94.96
99.80
100.00
99.92
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 100%
78.99
86.01
99.60
99.93
99.84
99.91
100.00
100.00
Legend: Min% of Protected Capital
Min 0%
Min 25%
Min 50%
Min 75%
Min 100%
Period: Dec 1924 - Nov 2024
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2.5%
Withdrawal Rate
% Success
10 Years 20 Years 30 Years 40 Years 50 Years 60 Years 70 Years 80 Years
Success Rate (%)
At least 0% Preserved Capital
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Fail Rate(%)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Preserved Capital (infl. adj.) % Success, on % Preserved Capital
At least 25%
100.00
99.90
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 50%
96.39
99.06
100.00
100.00
99.83
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 75%
84.37
93.44
99.88
100.00
99.83
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 100%
76.69
83.87
99.76
99.86
99.67
99.79
100.00
100.00
Legend: Min% of Protected Capital
Min 0%
Min 25%
Min 50%
Min 75%
Min 100%
Period: Dec 1974 - Nov 2024
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2.5%
Withdrawal Rate
% Success
10 Years 20 Years 30 Years
Success Rate (%)
At least 0% Preserved Capital
100.00
100.00
100.00
Fail Rate(%)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Preserved Capital (infl. adj.) % Success, on % Preserved Capital
At least 25%
100.00
100.00
100.00
At least 50%
96.26
100.00
100.00
At least 75%
92.52
99.72
100.00
At least 100%
88.98
96.95
100.00
Legend: Min% of Protected Capital
Min 0%
Min 25%
Min 50%
Min 75%
Min 100%
Simulations are calculated with actual returns of US Large Cap Asset Class | Preserved capital and withdrawals are considered adjusted for inflation | Withdrawals happen monthly | Performances are calculated in USD dollars, considering reinvestment of dividends when applicable | Inflation is updated at October 2024

2.5% vs Perpetual/Safe Withdrawal Rates

Let's compare a 2.5% withdrawal with the Safe and Perpetual Withdrawal Rates, over different timeframes.

In the table below, the guaranteed thresholds of Success/Preserved Capital are highlighted in green, elsewhere in red. To focus on a specific timeframe for this portfolio, click on the links in the table.

Period: Jan 1871 - Nov 2024
Period: Dec 1924 - Nov 2024
Period: Dec 1974 - Nov 2024
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PWR (%) - Perpetual Withdrawal Rate
SWR (%) - Safe Withdrawal Rate
Preserved Capital (Infl.Adj) 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Success Rate 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 90% 80% 50%
Timeframes 10 Years
Worst Period (from)
0.000
Jun 1908
0.000
Jun 1910
0.757
Mar 1999
3.632
Sep 1929
5.559
Sep 1929
8.250 8.888 10.354 13.863
20 Years
Worst Period (from)
0.000
May 1901
0.819
Sep 1929
1.647
Sep 1929
2.474
Sep 1929
3.301
Sep 1929
4.830 5.294 6.071 8.794
30 Years
Worst Period (from)
1.529
Jun 1902
2.337
Jun 1902
2.595
Sep 1929
2.731
Sep 1929
2.868
Sep 1929
4.176 4.588 5.154 7.342
40 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.454
Sep 1929
2.529
Sep 1929
2.605
Sep 1929
2.681
Sep 1929
2.756
Sep 1929
3.885 4.190 4.628 6.452
50 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.309
Sep 1929
2.398
Sep 1929
2.486
Sep 1929
2.574
Sep 1929
2.663
Sep 1929
3.664 3.960 4.362 5.917
60 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.474
Sep 1929
2.504
Sep 1929
2.535
Sep 1929
2.565
Sep 1929
2.596
Sep 1929
3.854 4.120 4.642 6.014
70 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.539
Sep 1929
2.548
Sep 1929
2.557
Sep 1929
2.565
Sep 1929
2.574
Sep 1929
3.872 4.107 4.692 6.143
80 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.515
Sep 1929
2.527
Sep 1929
2.539
Sep 1929
2.551
Sep 1929
2.563
Sep 1929
3.789 4.046 4.568 5.819
Legend:
SWR 100% Success
95% Success
90% Success
PWR 100% Capital Protection
75%
50% Protection
25%
Swipe left to see all data
PWR (%) - Perpetual Withdrawal Rate
SWR (%) - Safe Withdrawal Rate
Preserved Capital (Infl.Adj) 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Success Rate 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 90% 80% 50%
Timeframes 10 Years
Worst Period (from)
0.000
Apr 1928
0.000
Sep 1929
0.757
Mar 1999
3.632
Sep 1929
5.559
Sep 1929
7.927 8.681 10.114 13.900
20 Years
Worst Period (from)
0.000
Sep 1929
0.819
Sep 1929
1.647
Sep 1929
2.474
Sep 1929
3.301
Sep 1929
4.633 4.921 5.728 8.800
30 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.322
Sep 1929
2.458
Sep 1929
2.595
Sep 1929
2.731
Sep 1929
2.868
Sep 1929
3.914 4.264 4.937 7.893
40 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.454
Sep 1929
2.529
Sep 1929
2.605
Sep 1929
2.681
Sep 1929
2.756
Sep 1929
3.661 3.928 4.468 6.772
50 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.309
Sep 1929
2.398
Sep 1929
2.486
Sep 1929
2.574
Sep 1929
2.663
Sep 1929
3.488 3.674 4.137 5.966
60 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.474
Sep 1929
2.504
Sep 1929
2.535
Sep 1929
2.565
Sep 1929
2.596
Sep 1929
3.678 4.116 4.678 6.498
70 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.539
Sep 1929
2.548
Sep 1929
2.557
Sep 1929
2.565
Sep 1929
2.574
Sep 1929
3.649 4.294 5.540 7.403
80 Years
Worst Period (from)
2.515
Sep 1929
2.527
Sep 1929
2.539
Sep 1929
2.551
Sep 1929
2.563
Sep 1929
3.302 3.897 4.629 6.469
Legend:
SWR 100% Success
95% Success
90% Success
PWR 100% Capital Protection
75%
50% Protection
25%
Swipe left to see all data
PWR (%) - Perpetual Withdrawal Rate
SWR (%) - Safe Withdrawal Rate
Preserved Capital (Infl.Adj) 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Success Rate 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 90% 80% 50%
Timeframes 10 Years
Worst Period (from)
0.000
Jul 1998
0.000
Dec 1998
0.757
Mar 1999
4.439
Sep 2000
7.185
Sep 2000
8.755 9.956 10.832 14.853
20 Years
Worst Period (from)
1.769
Apr 2000
2.440
Apr 2000
3.110
Apr 2000
3.780
Apr 2000
4.450
Apr 2000
4.953 5.792 7.460 9.971
30 Years
Worst Period (from)
5.904
Sep 1987
6.142
Jul 1976
6.340
Apr 1976
6.536
Apr 1976
6.732
Apr 1976
7.015 7.525 8.146 8.966
Legend:
SWR 100% Success
95% Success
90% Success
PWR 100% Capital Protection
75%
50% Protection
25%
Simulations are calculated with actual returns of US Large Cap Asset Class | Preserved capital and withdrawals are considered adjusted for inflation | Withdrawals happen monthly | Performances are calculated in USD dollars, considering reinvestment of dividends when applicable | Inflation is updated at October 2024

Related Pages

Asset Class Main Page:
US Large Cap Asset Class

For the US Large Cap Asset Class, we have prepared a report for each available timeframe:
10-Year    20-Year    30-Year    40-Year    50-Year    60-Year    70-Year    80-Year   

if you want to learn more about the statistics of a specific withdrawal rate, we suggest these in particular:
2%    2.5%    3%    3.5%    4%    4.5%    5%   

Website Homepage:
BestRetirementPortfolio.com